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41. Oral history interview with Deana Arsenian 1999

Arsenian, Deana, 1958-
  • Name: Arsenian, Deana, 1958- (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1999
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 2
  • Abstract: Childhood: born Yerevan, Armenia, raised Moscow, Russia; immigration to U.S., 1975; education: Briarcliff College 1976-1977, B.A., political science, Barnard College 1977-1980, School of International Affairs, Columbia University, 1982-1984; Russian I nstitute/Harriman Institute at Columbia University: cultivating support, excitement of the time, mission; Carnegie Corporation of New York [Carnegie]: development of international division, vision of new president and involvement, training, security studies, criticisms; Carnegie Avoiding Nuclear War Program: president's insistence, nation's difficulties in discussing issue, revitalization of institutions, pursuit of agenda through funding, promotion of U.S.-Soviet relations and understanding; work as program officer: becoming an issues generalist, diplomacy, proposal receptions and decisions, meetings; Brown University: director of Center for Foreign Policy Development, part-time work for Carnegie; return to Carnegie.
Oral history interview with...

42. Oral history interview with Deana Arsenian, 2012

Arsenian, Deana, 1958-
  • Name: Arsenian, Deana, 1958- (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 2012
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 3
  • Abstract: Vice President, International Program and Program Director, Russia and Eurasia. Carnegie Corporation of New York. Early life and education: birth in Yerevan, parents' and grandparents' upbringing in Greece, ethnically Armenian family, upbringing in M oscow, father's work in entertainment industry, immigration to Massachusetts, the collapse of the Soviet Union; college and graduate school: Briarcliffe College, transfer to Barnard College, Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs, study of Soviet Union, Marshall D. Shulman, recruitment to Carnegie Corporation by David A. Hamburg; first tenure at Carnegie Corporation: the Cold War, David A. Hamburg, Avoiding Nuclear War, Frederic A. Mosher; reflections on work in Russia and former Soviet states: the Aspen Institute, Muslims in Russia, Eurasia; life in Rhode Island and tenure at Brown University: marriage to Mark Malkasian, work at Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University; meeting Vartan Gregorian; return to Carnegie Corporation in 1997: U.S.-Russia relations, Vartan Gregorian, Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, Higher Education in the Former Soviet Union, Centers for Advanced Study and Education, Basic Research in Higher Education program, McKinsey & Company, The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Russian Ministry of Education and Science, INO Center, Russian Ministry of Education and Science, Carnegie Moscow Center, Carnegie Endowment for Peace, Russian Initiative, Open Society Foundation, Partnership for Higher Education in Africa, the Open Society Institute, the International Peace and Security Program, the Higher Education and Libraries in Africa Program, Track II Diplomacy, the Islam Initiative, the Carnegie Scholars Program, September 11th 2001, Stephen J. Del Rosso, Arab Awakening, States at Risk program, Nuclear Threat Initiative, Program on Strategic Stability Evaluation.
Oral history interview with...

43. Oral history interview with Dee Holder 1998

Holder, Idalia (Dee)
  • Name: Holder, Idalia (Dee) (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1998
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 2
  • Abstract: Childhood: Born in Barbados, rural setting, influence of British, importance of church, relatives in America, move to Bronx with mother at age 13, adjustment to life in NYC; education: secondary school in Barbados, importance of education to family, e ntered high school in U.S., commercial diploma, involvement in school activities, Baruch College night school 1964, B.A. Northeastern University; career: NY Life Insurance Company 1964, becoming secretary to manager, racial makeup of staff, encouragement received from first black officer; marriage 1970: move to Boston, work at NY Life Insurance Co. and Harvard Business school; return to New York: interest in Human Resources work, work for Urban Development Corporation 1973; Carnegie Corporation 1974: personal assistant, initial impressions, supportiveness of small work environment; administrative assistant Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of Teaching (CFAT) 1976-1980: description of CFAT responsibilities, travel opportunities; work and health benefits at Carnegie: support for women and families, flexible scheduling, Carnegie policies as model; assumption of new responsibilities; Director of Personnel and Office Manager 1978; growth of Carnegie in late 1980s: increase of funds, change in organizational structure, effect of change in presidents, helpfulness of administrative committee; overall changes and structure 1970s-present: nature of staff environment, salaries and benefits, hiring and firing, turnover of positions, necessary expertise, staff development, diversity of staff; changes under new president; influence of Andrew Carnegie; personal life: daughter, finding current church.
Oral history interview with...

44. Oral history interview with Devereux Colt Josephs, 1968

Josephs, D. C. (Devereux Colt), 1893-1977
  • Name: Josephs, D. C. (Devereux Colt), 1893-1977 (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1968
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 1
  • Abstract: Personal background, vice president, later president of Teachers Insurance Annuity Association, 1939-45; president, Carnegie Corporation, 1946-48; philosophy of Corporation; projects, selection of staff; Alger Hiss; impressions of trustees and staff.
Oral history interview with...

45. Oral history interview with Donald M. Kerwin, Jr., 2013

Kerwin, Donald M., 1962-
  • Name: Kerwin, Donald M., 1962- (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 2013
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 3
  • Abstract: Story of an event in 2011 in Alabama where noted Freedom Rider and young DREAMer activist found parallels in their civil rights journey; testimony to the House of Representatives on abuses by Immigration officials and Border control to immigrants; rai sed in Washington D.C. with a social justice-oriented reading of Catholicism; joined Catholic Legal Immigration Network (CLINIC) to work with Haitian boat people in 1992; promoted to Executive Director of CLINIC; development of the network of legal service providers across the country to aid immigrants in the United States; relationship between Catholicism and immigration activism; importance of Carnegie Corporation in development of CLINIC; methodology of the Woodstock Theological Center to educate on faith traditions and immigration; role of faith in social justice work; partnership with Carnegie Corporation on shared vision for immigration integration, citizenship, legalization, voter rights; discussion of current laws and options for immigrants to become legalized: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, waivers, Temporary Protected Status, Kennedy-McCain Immigration Bill, Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, DREAM Act, refugee program, asylum; Vice President at Migration Policy Institute; appreciation of Carnegie's large vision and personal attention; future possibility of the United States as a non-immigrant country; immigrants exhibiting emblematic U.S. values.
Oral history interview with...

46. Oral history interview with Donald Ramsey Young, 1967

Young, Donald, 1898-1977
  • Name: Young, Donald, 1898-1977 (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1967
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 1
  • Abstract: Postdoctoral studies at University of Pennsylvania; joining Social Science Research Council (SSRC) as Secretary for Fellowships and Grants-in-Aid, 1932; objectives and membership of SSRC at time of joining; early interactions with Carnegie Corporation ; process of fellowship administration at SSRC; joint programs with National Research Council and American Council of Learned Societies under Conference Board of Associated Research Councils; supervising United States Employment Service classification of occupations under Wagner-Peyser Act, 1933; Charles A. Beard and THE IDEA OF NATIONAL INTEREST, 1934; Frederick Osborn study of foster children, 1937; Ralph Bunche, Gunnar Myrdal and AN AMERICAN DILEMMA, 1938-1944; Samuel A. Stouffer and THE AMERICAN SOLDIER, 1941-1949; Executive Director of SSRC, 1945-1947; Institute for Advanced Study investigation of sociological aspects of atomic energy, 1946; THE RECRUITMENT, SELECTION AND TRAINING OF SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, 1947-1948; the General Education Board and evaluation of SSRC fellowship programs; Stuart Chase and THE PROPER STUDY OF MANKIND, 1948; conveying technical aspects of sociology to the general public; President of SSRC, 1948; conference on development of university area studies programs; departure from SSRC to become director of Russell Sage Foundation, 1948; consultant to United States Joint Army & Navy Committee on Welfare and Recreation; negotiation of relocation of New York School of Social Work to former Andrew Carnegie Mansion, 1949; involvement with Common Council for American Unity; thoughts on American Council on Education and Educational Testing Service; the Carnegie Corporation’s influence on the field of American sociology as a whole; Harvard University’s Russian Research Center and Department of Social Relations; thoughts on the Carnegie Corporation’s staff and its publication CARNEGIE QUARTERLY; the Russell Sage Foundation’s publication of THE FOUNDATION DIRECTORY; creation of the Foundation Library Center, 1956; comparison of Carnegie with the Rockefeller Foundation and Ford Foundation. Impressions of Frederick P. Keppel, Charles Dollard, D.C. Josephs, Frederick Osborn.
Oral history interview with...

47. Oral history interview with Dorothy Rowden Loemker, 1967

Loemker, Dorothy Rowden
  • Name: Loemker, Dorothy Rowden (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1967
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 1
  • Abstract: First experiences with Carnegie Corporation at meeting of American Library Association (ALA), 1927; editing work for Carnegie; coming to work as secretary at American Association for Adult Education (AAAE), ongoing adult education studies, 1928-1934; National Advisory Council on Radio in Education (NACRE); working with former AAAE collaborator and Columbia University Teachers College professor Levering Tyson to develop educational radio programming for CBS, 1934-1938; ADULT EDUCATION IN ACTION; work on adult education studies for AAAE; consulting work for ALA; AAAE’s struggles for funding; Morse A. Cartwright’s dismissal to Teachers College; editing ADULT EDUCATION JOURNAL; reflections on Cartwright’s falling out with AAAE, 1939-1951. Impressions of Morse A. Cartwright, Francis Keppel, Levering Tyson, Lyman Bryson.
Oral history interview with...

48. Oral history interview with Dorothy W. Knapp 1998

Knapp, Dorothy W
  • Name: Knapp, Dorothy W (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1998
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 2
  • Abstract: Childhood: born Atlanta, Georgia, daughter of educators; Wellesley College: B.A., political science, 1967; Princeton University: M.A., political science, 1972, doctorate studies; exchange student to Russia, 1969; philosophy of women in job market; res earch and administrative positions, 1972-1983; International Research and Exchanges Board [IREX] of the American Council of Learned Societies: Director of Public Programs, 1983-1986; association with Carnegie Corporation of New York: assistant to the Corporate Secretary, 1986-1987, Corporate Secretary, 1987-present; structure of corporation: recruiting personnel, presidentially-led Board of Trustees, finances, commissions, introduction of computer systems; Carnegie Corporation history: Andrew Carnegie, Carnegie family, presidential transitions, board governance; involvement in ongoing programs: Education and Economy, Developing Countries, Adolescent Development, Science, Technology and Government, Preventing Deadly Conflict; philosophy of the nature of foundations, public perceptions thereof, grantmaking; effectiveness of the corporation and various comissions; foundations and tax laws; reminiscences of colleagues.
Oral history interview with...

49. Oral history interview with Dudley Horner, 1999

Horner, Dudley
  • Name: Horner, Dudley (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1999
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 2
  • Abstract: Childhood and education: raised in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, student movement, move to England early 1960s, return to Johannesburg, interaction with individuals banned by the government; career: archivist for the South African Institute of Race Relations; interest in labor relations; work with South Africa Labor and Development Research Unit [SALDRU], 1975-: colleagueship with director Francis Wilson, training social science students and returning scholars from exile, initial funding from the Anglo-American Chairman's Fund and the Ford Foundation, political effects of the First Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa, training black student interns to develop research skills; SALDRU's contribution to the Second Carnegie Inquiry into Poverty and Development in Southern Africa: frustration of data collection without intervention, importance of distinction between rural and urban poverty; effects of study; Francis Wilson's summation of the study, Uprooting Poverty: The South African Challenge; appointment to chair the South African Wage Board
Oral history interview with...

50. Oral history interview with E. Alden Dunham 1998

Dunham, E. Alden, (Edgar Alden)
  • Name: Dunham, E. Alden, (Edgar Alden) (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1998
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 2
  • Abstract: Childhood: born Nutley, New Jersey, son of mechanical engineer; early education in Nutley, Princeton, New Jersey; Princeton University: B.A., English; United States Navy: graduate of Officer Candidate School, service at sea, Korean War; Phillips Aca demy, Andover: educational training, teaching; Harvard University: M.A., Teaching, English courses; work experience with James B. Conant: study of American high schools, co-publication of American High Schools Today, publication of Slums and Suburbs; Columbia University: post-doctorate degree, education; Dean of Admissions, Princeton University, 1962-1966; association with Carnegie Corporation, 1966-1991: positions as program officer, corporate secretary, split between Carnegie Corporation and Carnegie Foundation, shifts in administration, grantmaking methods; development of post-graduate Doctor of Arts degree; introduction of financial aid in higher education; chairman, Education: Science, Technology and Economy program; interest in reformation of American philanthropy; present and future importance of technology in education; reminiscences of colleagues.
Oral history interview with...

51. Oral history interview with Earl James McGrath, 1967

McGrath, Earl J., 1902-1993
  • Name: McGrath, Earl J., 1902-1993 (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1967
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 1
  • Abstract: Relations with the Carnegie Corporation, 1933-67; University of Buffalo; American Council on Education, 1938; University of Kansas City, 1953-56; Institute for Higher Education, Teachers College, 1956_67: selection of staff, fiscal problems, research programs, study of Negro colleges. Impressions of John Gardner and other Corporation officials.
Oral history interview with...

52. Oral history interview with Edward Pendleton Herring, 1967

Herring, Pendleton, 1903-2004
  • Name: Herring, Pendleton, 1903-2004 (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1967
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 1
  • Abstract: Carnegie Corporation and social sciences; American Political Science Association; case study method in public administration; investigation of polling procedures following 1948 election; impressions of Devereux Josephs and James T. Shotwell.
Oral history interview with...

53. Oral history interview with E.G. Malherbe, 1967

Malherbe, E. G. (Ernst Gideon), 1895-
  • Name: Malherbe, E. G. (Ernst Gideon), 1895- (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1967
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 1
  • Abstract: Doctoral studies at Columbia University Teachers College, 1920; initial meetings with Carnegie Corporation in South Africa, 1927; CARNEGIE COMMISSION OF INVESTIGATION ON THE POOR WHITE PROBLEM IN SOUTH AFRICA; recruiting experts on Afrikaners and work ing with the Dutch Reformed Church; traveling the country to survey rural communities; publication of five-volume report, thoughts on Carnegie funding of Jeanes School in Rhodesia, 1928-1932; becoming Director of National Bureau of Education and Social Research; publication of EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL RESEARCH IN SOUTH AFRICA; articles in TEACHERS COLLEGE INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION YEARBOOK; commissioning grants from Carnegie; investigating education in the Southern United States and CULTURE IN THE SOUTH; starting South Africa’s national film library; developing children’s art center in Pretoria; Carnegie British Dominions and Colonies travel grant program; working and traveling with educators from Australia, New Zealand, and Canada; EDUCATIONAL ADAPTATIONS IN A CHANGING SOCIETY; dissolution of the Bureau of Education during WWII, 1932-1943; becoming Principal of the University of Natal; founding University of Natal Institute for Social Research with support from Carnegie; interest in interdisciplinary research; Carnegie doctoral fellowship scholars at Natal, 1943-1955; Carnegie party at Harvard Club for heads of Commonwealth Nation universities and subsequent touring of American universities, impressions of U.S. colleges, 1958; EDUCATION AND OUR EXPANDING HORIZONS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION, 1960-1962; President of South African Institute on Race Relations, 1967; thoughts on Carnegie Libraries in South Africa; Carnegie initiatives in South Africa as a whole. Impressions of Frederick P. Keppel, Whitney H. Shepardson, Arthur Lismer, J.F.W. Grosskopf.
Oral history interview with...

54. Oral history interview with Eleanor Lerman, 2012

Lerman, Eleanor, 1952-
  • Name: Lerman, Eleanor, 1952- (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 2012
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 3
  • Abstract: Childhood in Bronx and Rockaway, New York: discussion of personal writing and goal to become a writer; first job at Carnegie Corporation of New York as editorial assistant; leaving Carnegie Corporation in 1985; return in 1999; carryover of technical s kills from Carnegie Corporation to other organizations and companies; professional development; supportive environment at Carnegie Corporation; mentorship of Avery B. Russell; importance of precision in writing; work at American Lung Association: early use of computers, discussion of change in technology; legacy of Andrew Carnegie; impact of McKinsey & Company report; work as ghostwriter for Vartan Gregorian; support for individual scholarship; impressions of dedication of staff; leadership of Susan R. King; national influence of Carnegie Corporation: integrity of organization, incubation of ideas; evaluation of success in philanthropy; role of public affairs department at Carnegie Corporation: range of publications, purposes and readership; trustee activities; influence of events on corporation work: September 11, 2001, Hurricane Katrina, 2008 recession; centennial celebration; institutional memory and identity; work with writers at Carnegie Corporation; importance of Carnegie Corporation to personal and professional life.
Oral history interview with...

55. Oral history interview with Elena O. Nightingale 1998

Nightingale, Elena O
  • Name: Nightingale, Elena O (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1998
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 2
  • Abstract: Childhood: Italy; emigration to United States, 1939; BS zoology, Barnard College; Ph.D., Rockefeller University, 1961; biomedical research interests; MD received from New York University; clinical genetics fellowship, Georgetown University; policy fel lowship, National Academy of Sciences; director, Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Institute of Medicine [IOM]; executive director, Division on Health Policy, Research, and Education, Harvard University; faculty positions: New York University, Cornell University, Johns Hopkins University, George Washington University, Georgetown University; senior program officer Carnegie Corporation until 1994: founding Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, "Starting Points" report, health science and child development-related grant awards; Carnegie Corporation international program development: World Health Organization and university health education, Pan-American Health Organization, Mexican Health Foundation; human rights work: chairperson, Committee on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, chairperson, IOM’s Committee on Health and Human Rights; board member, Amnesty International, USA and Physicians for Human Rights; co-author, The Breaking of Bodies and Minds: Torture, Psychiatric Abuse, and the Health Profession, 1985; scholar-in-residence, National Academy of Sciences; reminiscences of colleagues.
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56. Oral history interview with Eli N. Evans, 1999

Evans, Eli N
  • Name: Evans, Eli N (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1999
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 2
  • Abstract: Born, Durham, North Carolina; family background: Jewish immigrant grandfather, son of E.J. Evans, mayor of Durham 1950-1963, Zionist upbringing; education: University of North Carolina, B.A., Yale Law School J.D.; early professional experience: speec h writer for governor Terry Sanford, the Lyndon B. Johnson campaign 1964, the Barry M. Goldwater campaign; White House staff of resident White House intellectual Eric F. Goldman, rejoined Terry Sanford as staff director of the Future of American States, a Carnegie Corporation of New York [Carnegie] funded enterprise; senior program director of the Carnegie Corporation 1967-1977; president of Charles H. Revson Foundation 1977-2003; author of The Provincials: A Personal History of Jews in the South; discussion of Carnegie presidents Frank Keppel, John Gardner, Alan Pifer, David A. Hamburg; activities at the Carnegie Corporation: funding of projects in favor of the civil rights movement, Children's Television Workshop, Israeli-Palestinian Sesame Street, Children's Defense Fund; reflections on the limits of Carnegie, philosophy of philanthropy, states as engines of experimentation, public library system, art of grant-making, role of venture philanthropists
Oral history interview with...

57. Oral history interview with Ellen J. Bloom, 2012

Bloom, Ellen J
  • Name: Bloom, Ellen J (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 2012
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 3
  • Abstract: Vice President, Chief Administrative Offices and Corporate Secretary. Childhood in Bayside, Queens, New York: parents' careers in teaching; personal education; career path in human resources; decision to leave the corporate world for nonprofit work: hiring at Carnegie Corporation of New York as director of human resources, promotion to CAO/corporate secretary; undergraduate education at Cornell: admission to School of Industrial and Labor Relations; pursuit of law degree; left position at American Express: fatigue with corporate world, year of rest and recuperation, personal goals and requirements for new job; actions as director of human resources: internal criticism of Carnegie Corporation, need for improved communication, personnel changes; role of corporate secretary: bylaws and constitution, work with trustees and committees; role of board members; leadership of Vartan Gregorian: role of president, grantmaking; legacy of Andrew Carnegie; need for and results of grant-tracking system; evaluation of grants; future goals for Carnegie Corporation: diffusion of knowledge, collaboration, preservation of history; effects of 2008 financial crisis; cost management; hiring and orientation; focus on research; grantmaking strategy; personal achievements; value of corporate human resources experience.
Oral history interview with...

58. Oral history interview with Eric Clarke, 1967

Clarke, Eric, 1890-1968
  • Name: Clarke, Eric, 1890-1968 (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1967
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 1
  • Abstract: Initial impressions of Carnegie Corporation; organizing Carnegie music grant program, selecting albums for inclusion in Carnegie music sets, 1933-1934; MUSIC IN EVERYDAY LIFE; Andrew Carnegie Centenary concerts; move to Association of American College s, 1935-1936; Carnegie grants to Peabody Institute, Columbia University, Princeton University, Yale University, University of Saskatchewan; Library of Congress music program; Baltimore Department of Education music grant; American Council of Learned Societies, Community Musical Study, 1939-1944; coming to work at Metropolitan Opera; Federal Arts Program projects. Impressions of Frederick P. Keppel, John M. Russell, Robert M. Lester, Walter A. Jessup.
Oral history interview with...

59. Oral history interview with Eric Larrabee, 1967

Larrabee, Eric
  • Name: Larrabee, Eric (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 1967
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 1
  • Abstract: Carnegie Endowment African Studies Program; music and art development in West Africa; American Studies program; American Shelf Project; European unity conference in Italy; International Education Act; differences in the structures of foundations, the need for creative thinking in foundations.
Oral history interview with...

60. Oral history interview with Eric Nadelstern, 2013

Nadelstern, Eric
  • Name: Nadelstern, Eric (Interviewee)
  • Format: oral histories
  • Date: 2013
  • Collection Name: Carnegie Corporation project. Part 3
  • Abstract: Career in Education: taught English as a Second Language [ESL] at DeWitt Clinton Hugh School in Bronx, New York, worked on opening an ESL high school at LaGuardia Community College in Long Island City, New York called International High School, deputy superintendent of the Office of New and Small Bronx High Schools, deputy regional superintendent for the East Bronx, senior instructional superintendent for school improvement and restructuring, chief academic officer for new schools, chief schools officer and deputy chancellor for school support and instruction, supervising superintendent of the Autonomy Zone, professor of practice in educational leadership at Columbia University, director of the Summer Principals Academy; work with Carnegie Corporation: work with Annenberg Foundation at New Visions for Public Schools, Joel I. Klein and Diana Lam of the New York Department of Education, the centrality and vitality of Michele Cahill's work in the New York Department of Education and Carnegie Corporation, Robert L. Hughes, Norman "Norm" Wechsler, closure of low-performing schools, collaboration between Carnegie, Gates Foundation and Soros Foundation for opening fifty small Bronx high schools; listing of successful projects: modeling projects after successful pilots, support of community based organizations, the New York City Leadership Academy, New Century High Schools, New Visions, substantial work on the Common Core, relationships between education administrators and foundations, effectiveness of private vs. public sector in education.